Dec 21, 2016 Or your could create a 'App.config' by yourself. To add an application configuration file to your C# project. 1.On the menu bar, choose Project, Add New Item. The Add New Item dialog box appears. 2.Expand Installed, expand Visual C# Items, and then choose the Application Configuration File.
-->The .NET Framework, through configuration files, gives developers and administrators control and flexibility over the way applications run. Configuration files are XML files that can be changed as needed. An administrator can control which protected resources an application can access, which versions of assemblies an application will use, and where remote applications and objects are located. Developers can put settings in configuration files, eliminating the need to recompile an application every time a setting changes. This section describes what can be configured and why configuring an application might be useful.
Note
Managed code can use the classes in the System.Configuration namespace to read settings from the configuration files, but not to write settings to those files.
This topic describes the syntax of configuration files and provides information about the three types of configuration files: machine, application, and security.
Configuration File Format
Configuration files contain elements, which are logical data structures that set configuration information. Within a configuration file, you use tags to mark the beginning and end of an element. For example, the
<runtime>
element consists of <runtime>
child elements</runtime>
. An empty element would be written as <runtime/>
or <runtime></runtime>
.As with all XML files, the syntax in configuration files is case-sensitive.
You specify configuration settings using predefined attributes, which are name/value pairs inside an element's start tag. The following example specifies two attributes (
version
and href
) for the <codeBase>
element, which specifies where the runtime can locate an assembly (for more information, see Specifying an Assembly's Location).Machine Configuration Files
The machine configuration file, Machine.config, contains settings that apply to an entire computer. This file is located in the %runtime install path%Config directory. Machine.config contains configuration settings for machine-wide assembly binding, built-in remoting channels, and ASP.NET.
The configuration system first looks in the machine configuration file for the <appSettings> element and other configuration sections that a developer might define. It then looks in the application configuration file. To keep the machine configuration file manageable, it is best to put these settings in the application configuration file. However, putting the settings in the machine configuration file can make your system more maintainable. For example, if you have a third-party component that both your client and server application uses, it is easier to put the settings for that component in one place. In this case, the machine configuration file is the appropriate place for the settings, so you don't have the same settings in two different files.
Note
Deploying an application using XCOPY will not copy the settings in the machine configuration file.
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For more information about how the common language runtime uses the machine configuration file for assembly binding, see How the Runtime Locates Assemblies.
Application Configuration Files
An application configuration file contains settings that are specific to an app. This file includes configuration settings that the common language runtime reads (such as assembly binding policy, remoting objects, and so on), and settings that the app can read.
The name and location of the application configuration file depend on the app's host, which can be one of the following:
- Executable–hosted app.These apps have two configuration files: a source configuration file, which is modified by the developer during development, and an output file that is distributed with the app.When you develop in Visual Studio, place the source configuration file for your app in the project directory and set its Copy To Output Directory property to Copy always or Copy if newer. The name of the configuration file is the name of the app with a .config extension. For example, an app called myApp.exe should have a source configuration file called myApp.exe.config.Visual Studio automatically copies the source configuration file to the directory where the compiled assembly is placed to create the output configuration file, which is deployed with the app. In some cases, Visual Studio may modify the output configuration file; for more information, see the Redirecting assembly versions at the app level section of the Redirecting Assembly Versions article.
- ASP.NET-hosted app.For more information about ASP.NET configuration files, see ASP.NET Configuration Settings.
- Internet Explorer-hosted app.If an app hosted in Internet Explorer has a configuration file, the location of this file is specified in a
<link>
tag with the following syntax:<link href='location'>In this tag,location
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Security Configuration Files
Security configuration files contain information about the code group hierarchy and permission sets associated with a policy level. We strongly recommend that you use the Code Access Security Policy tool (Caspol.exe) to modify security policy to ensure that policy changes do not corrupt the security configuration files.
Note
Starting with the .NET Framework 4, the security configuration files are present only if security policy has been changed.
The security configuration files are in the following locations:
- Enterprise policy configuration file: %runtime-install-path%ConfigEnterprisesec.config
- Machine policy configuration file: %runtime-install-path%ConfigSecurity.config
- User policy configuration file: %USERPROFILE%Application dataMicrosoftCLR security configvxx.xxSecurity.config
In This Section
How to: Locate Assemblies by Using DEVPATH
Describes how to direct the runtime to use the DEVPATH environment variable when searching for assemblies.
Describes how to direct the runtime to use the DEVPATH environment variable when searching for assemblies.
Redirecting Assembly Versions
Describes how to specify the location of an assembly and which version of an assembly to use.
Describes how to specify the location of an assembly and which version of an assembly to use.
Specifying an Assembly's Location
Describes how to specify where the runtime should search for an assembly.
Describes how to specify where the runtime should search for an assembly.
Configuring Cryptography Classes
Describes how to map an algorithm name to a cryptography class and an object identifier to a cryptography algorithm.
Describes how to map an algorithm name to a cryptography class and an object identifier to a cryptography algorithm.
How to: Create a Publisher Policy
Describes when and how you should add a publisher policy file to specify assembly redirection and code base settings.
Describes when and how you should add a publisher policy file to specify assembly redirection and code base settings.
Configuration File Schema
Describes the schema hierarchy for startup, runtime, network, and other types of configuration settings.
Describes the schema hierarchy for startup, runtime, network, and other types of configuration settings.
See also
-->An application configuration file is an XML file used to control assembly binding. It can redirect an application from using one version of a side-by-side assembly to another version of the same assembly. This is called per-application configuration. An application configuration file applies only to a specific application manifest and dependent assemblies. Isolated components compiled with an embedded ISOLATIONAWARE_MANIFEST_RESOURCE_ID manifest require a separate application configuration file. Manifests managed with CreateActCtx require a separate application configuration file.
The redirection specified by an application configuration file can override the assembly versions specified by application manifests and publisher configuration files. For example, if a publisher configuration file specifies that all references to an assembly be redirected from version 1.0.0.0 to 1.1.0.0, an application configuration file can be used to redirect a particular application to use version 1.0.0.0. An application configuration file applies only to the specified application manifest and dependent assemblies.
For a complete listing of the XML schema, see Application Configuration File Schema.
Application configuration files have the elements and attributes shown in the following table.
Element | Attributes | Required |
---|---|---|
configuration | Yes | |
windows | Yes | |
publisherPolicy | Yes | |
apply | Yes | |
runtime | No | |
assemblyBinding | Yes | |
probing | No | |
privatePath | Yes | |
dependency | No | |
dependentAssembly | Yes | |
assemblyIdentity | Yes | |
type | Yes | |
name | Yes | |
language | No | |
processorArchitecture | Yes | |
version | Yes | |
publicKeyToken | No | |
bindingRedirect | Yes | |
oldVersion | Yes | |
newVersion | Yes |
File Location
Application configuration files must be installed in the same location as the application's application manifest.
File Name Syntax
The name of an application configuration file is the name of the application executable followed by .config.
Application Configuration File Missing
For example, an application configuration file that refers to Example.exe or Example.dll would use the file name syntax shown in the following example. You can omit the field for <resource ID> if installing the configuration file as a separate file or if the resource ID is 1.
example.exe.<resource ID>.config
example.dll.<resource ID>.config
Elements
Names of elements and attributes are case-sensitive. The values of elements and attributes are all case-insensitive, except for the value of the type attribute.
configuration
A container element for the windows and runtime elements of an application configuration file. Required.
windows
Includes the parts of the application configuration file that apply to the redirection of Win32 assemblies.
Note
The author of an application should not include a configuration file with a windows subelement as part of their application. This may be permitted if the configuration file's only purpose is to enable the privatePath functionality of a probing element. The probing element is unavailable on systems earlier than Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7.
publisherPolicy
Specifies whether to apply publisher policy.
This element has the attributes shown in the following table.
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
apply | A value of 'yes' applies the publisher policy. This is the default setting. The value 'no' does not apply the publisher policy. |
runtime
Includes the parts of the application configuration file that apply to redirection of .Net assemblies.
assemblyBinding
Includes the redirection information for the application and the assembly affected by this application configuration file. The first subelement of assemblyBinding must be an assemblyIdentity that identifies the application.
Starting with Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 an assemblyBinding element can include a probing subelement.
probing
An optional subelement of an assemblyBinding element that extends the search for assemblies into additional directories. The additional directories are not required to be subdirectories of the directory of the assembly.
Note
This element is unavailable on systems earlier than Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 and can only be used within a windows element.
This element has the attributes shown in the following table.
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
privatePath | Specifies the relative paths of subdirectories of the application's base directory that might contain assemblies. A maximum of nine subdirectory paths can be specified. Delimit each subdirectory path with a semicolon. |
You can use the double-dots special specifier in a path to denote the parent directory of the current directory. No more than two levels above the current directory can be specified using double-dots. Do not use triple-dots. For example, an application using the following probing element checks additional directories for an assembly.
dependency
A container element for at least one dependentAssembly. Every dependentAssembly can be inside exactly one dependency. This element has no attributes. Optional.
dependentAssembly
The first subelement must be an assemblyIdentity element that identifies the side-by-side assembly being redirected by the application configuration file. A dependentAssembly has no attributes.
assemblyIdentity
As the first subelement of an assemblyBinding element, assemblyIdentity describes and uniquely identifies an application. The application configuration file redirects the binding of this application to side-by-side assemblies. For example, the following assemblyIdentity indicates that the application configuration file affects the binding of the application mysampleApp to side-by-side assemblies. The assemblies being redirected would be identified in a dependentAssembly.
As the first subelement of a dependentAssembly element, assemblyIdentity describes a side-by-side assembly on which the application depends. The application configuration file reconfigures the identity of this required assembly. For example, the following assemblyIdentity and bindingRedirect reconfigures a dependency on Microsoft.Windows.SampleAssembly from version 2.0.0.0 to version 2.1.0.0.
Note that every assemblyIdentity included in a dependentAssembly must exactly match the assemblyIdentity in the assembly's own assembly manifest.
The assemblyIdentity element has the following attributes. It has no subelements.
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
type | The value must be win32 (lower case). Required. |
name | The name attribute identifies the application being affected by the application configuration file or the assembly being redirected. Use the following format for the name: Organization.Division.Name. Required. For example: Microsoft.Windows.MysampleApp or Microsoft.Windows.MysampleAsm. |
language | Identifies the language. Optional. For an assemblyIdentity referring to an assembly, if the assembly is language-specific, specify the DHTML language code. If the assembly is for worldwide use (language neutral) set the value as '*'. |
processorArchitecture | Specifies the processor running the application. |
version | Specifies the version of the application or assembly. Use four-part version syntax: mmmm.nnnn.oooo.pppp. Required. |
publicKeyToken | For an assemblyIdentity referring to an assembly, a 16-character hexadecimal string representing the last 8 bytes of the SHA-1 hash of the public key under which the assembly is signed. The public key used to sign the catalog must be 2048 bits or greater. Required for all shared side-by-side assemblies. |
bindingRedirect
The bindingRedirect element contains redirection information for the binding of the assembly. Each bindingRedirect must be included in exactly one dependentAssembly. The four-part version syntax of the new version and the old version must specify the same major and minor versions.
This element has the attributes shown in the following table.
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
oldVersion | Specifies the assembly version being overridden and redirected. Use the four-part version syntax nnnnn.nnnnn.nnnnn.nnnnn. Specify a range of versions by a dash without spaces. For example, 2.14.3.0 or 2.14.3.0 2.16.0.0. Required. |
newVersion | Specifies the replacement assembly version. Use four-part version syntax nnnnn.nnnnn.nnnnn.nnnnn. |
Remarks
Application configuration files do not specify files.